Skip to Main Content

Food Studies

Introduction

The CSE (Council of Science Editors) citation style is used in the natural sciences, including biology, chemistry, and related fields. It emphasizes clarity and conciseness, often using abbreviated journal titles.

This style offers three variations: citation-sequence, citation-name, and name-year. 

CSE Resources

Citation-Sequence and Citation-Name Systems

In the citation-sequence system, in-text references are cited with sequential superscript numbers, such as this1. If you are citing more than one reference within a sentence, you can use a superscript sequence of numbers, like this2,3. In the references, list the citations in the numerical order that they appear in your paper. 

For example, if a reference by Smith is the first one mentioned in the text, then the complete reference to the Smith work will be number 1 in the end references. The same number is used for subsequent in-text references to the same document.

In the citation-name system, superscript numbers are inserted at the point of reference, like this4. However, when you're organizing your reference list, you will first alphabetize all the citations by authors' last names, then number them in your paper in the order they appear in the list of references. 

Multiple works by the same author are listed alphabetically by title. The references are numbered in that sequence, such that a work authored by Acosta is number 1, Brown is number 2, and so on. Numbers assigned to the end references are used for the in-text references regardless of the sequence in which they appear in the text of the work. For example, if a work by Zielinski is number 56 in the reference list, each in-text reference to Zielinski will also be number 56.

PLEASE NOTE: These 2 systems are identical EXCEPT for the order in which the end references are listed!

JOURNAL ARTICLES

List authors in the order in which they appear in the original text, followed by a period. Periods also follow article and journal titles and volume or issue information. Separate the date from volume and issue by a semicolon. The location (usually the page range for the article or, for journals that follow a continuous publication model, the article number) is preceded by a colon. For journal articles consulted online, add a URL to the end of the reference; no punctuation follows the URL. A DOI-based URL (which starts with https://doi.org/), when available, should be preferred to any other form of URL. The basic format is as follows:

Author(s). Article title. Journal title. Date;volume(issue):location. URL

Online Journal Article
Haasnoot M, Lawrence J, Magnan AK. Pathways to coastal retreat. Science. 2021;372(6548):1287–1290. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi6594

Savage E, Ramsay M, White J, Beard S, Lawson H, Hunjan R, Brown D. Mumps outbreaks across England and Wales in 2004: observational study. BJM. 2005;330(7500):1119-1120. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.330.7500.1119

Print Journal Article
Ashraf M et al. Interaction between the distribution of diabetic retinopathy lesions and the association of optical coherence tomography angiography scans with diabetic retinopathy severity. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020;138(12):1291–1297.

Park SU, Park NI, Kim YK, Suh SY, Eom SH, Lee SY. Application of plant biotechnology in the medicinal plant, Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz. J Med Plant Res. 2009;3(13):1258-1263.

BOOKS

Separate information about author(s), title, edition, and publisher by periods. For books with more than 1 author, names are separated by a comma. The basic format is as follows:

Author(s). Title. Edition. Publisher; year of publication.

Online Book
Agarwal A et al, editors. Oxford handbook of clinical surgery. 5th ed. Oxford University Press; 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198799481.001.0001

Print Book
De Doncker RW, Duco WJP, Veltman A. Advanced electrical drives: analysis, modeling, control. Springer; 2020.

Additional guidance for citing other types of publications can be found on the CSE Citation Quick Guide!

Name-Year System

In the name-year system, citations are inserted in your paper using the in-text style, which includes the author's name and year of publication within parentheses, such as (Jefferson 2009). End references are unnumbered and appear in alphabetical order by author and year of publication, with multiple works by the same author listed in chronological order.

Each example of an end reference is accompanied here by an example of a corresponding in-text reference. 

JOURNAL ARTICLES
For the end reference, list authors in the order in which they appear in the original text. The year of publication follows the author list. Use periods to separate each element, including author(s), date of publication, article and journal titles, and volume or issue information. The location (usually the page range for the article or, for journals that follow a continuous publication model, the article number) is preceded by a colon. For journal articles consulted online, add a URL to the end of the reference; no punctuation follows the URL. A DOI-based URL (which starts with https://doi.org/), when available, should be preferred to any other form of URL. The basic format is as follows:

Author(s). Date. Article title. Journal title. Volume(issue):location. URL

For the in-text reference, use parentheses and list author(s) by surname followed by year of publication.
(Author(s) Year)

Online Journal Article
Fauci AS, Lane HC. 2020. Four decades of HIV/AIDS—much accomplished, much to do. N Engl J Med. 383(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1916753

(Fauci and Lane 2020)

Print Journal Article
Lee SMC et al. 2020. Arterial structure and function during and after long-duration spaceflight. J Appl Physiol. 129(1):108–123. 

(Lee et al 2020)

BOOKS
In the end reference, separate information about author(s), date, title, edition, and publisher by periods. The basic format is as follows:

Author(s). Date. Title. Edition. Publisher. URL

Online Book
Guinn DE. 2006. Handbook of bioethics and religion. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0195178734.001.0001 

(Guinn 2006)

Print Book
Reiss MJ, Ruse M. 2023. The new biology: a battle between mechanism and organicism. Harvard University Press.

(Reiss and Ruse 2023)

Additional guidance for citing other types of publications can be found on the CSE Citation Quick Guide!