CRWR 490 — Creative Writing Capstone Seminar

A nuanced search with boolean operators might look like:

plate* AND (continental OR tectonic) NOT "continental breakfast"

AND, OR, NOT

The most common boolean operators are OR, AND, and NOT. 

The OR operator returns results that match either term.

The AND (or ampersand [&], on some platforms) operator limits results to those which match both terms.

The NOT operator (or the minus sign [-], on some platforms) excludes results that match the immediately following term. 

Note: Implementation varies across databases; to increase your chances of success, capitalize the above boolean operators—it isn't always necessary, but it won't hurt.

Enclosure

Other operators include double quote [""] and parenthetical [()] enclosure, and asterisk [*] and question mark [?] operators.

Double quote enclosure allows you to require matching for an exact word or phrase.

A search for "bull horn" will return very different results than a search for bull horn.

Parenthetical enclosure allows you to specify the order of operations:

A search for continental AND plate OR shelf will return very different results than a search for continental AND (plate OR shelf).

Wildcard operators

The asterisk and question mark serve as a wildcard operators.

The question mark allows for one variable character.

A search for b?ll should return results that include the strings ball, bell, bill, boll, and bull—but not baall.

The asterisk allows for any number of variable characters, or no variable characters at all.

A search for continen* should return results that include the strings continence, continent, continental, and continents.

Our guide to Source evaluation techniques describes techniques that our librarians find useful for evaluating source reliability.

There are no hard and fast rules as to which technique works best for evaluating a source. As a critical information consumer, you would do well to become familiar with at least two of these methods, and to build the habit of pausing to use them when you encounter new sources.

Across all of these techniques, some core principles emerge:

• Always think critically about how a source you are considering relates to your research question. Whether a source is reliable is not an immutable, fixed characteristic of the source. A recent biology paper studying the Ailuropoda melanoleuca genome is probably not a reliable way to get information about the experience of women in the Cold War! 
• Authority is constructed and contextual. Different people have expertise in different areas; sources have different strengths. No single source or expert is authoritative and reliable on every topic. Build the habit of looking at a variety of sources and thinking about whether the strengths of that source are relevant to your research question.
• Avoid taking what a source says about itself at face value. Always seek external confirmation of its claims and purpose. Some sources exist to mislead readers, or have a context that has changed since they were first created, and seeking outside information is the most reliable way to identify those circumstances.